Lamdan Masada Must Not Fall Again

Phrase associated with the Holocaust and other genocides

"Never once more" is a phrase or slogan which is associated with the Holocaust and other genocides. The phrase may originate from a 1927 poem by Yitzhak Lamdan which stated "Never again shall Masada fall!" In the context of genocide, the slogan was used by liberated prisoners at Buchenwald concentration camp to express anti-fascist sentiment. The exact significant of the phrase is debated, including whether it should be used every bit a particularistic command to avert a second Holocaust of Jews or whether it is a universalist injunction to forestall all forms of genocide. Information technology was adopted as a slogan by Meir Kahane's Jewish Defense force League.

The phrase is widely used past politicians and writers and information technology as well appears on many Holocaust memorials. It has also been appropriated as a political slogan for other causes, from commemoration of the 1976 Argentine coup, the promotion of gun control or abortion rights, and every bit an injunction to fight against terrorism after the September 11 attacks.

Origins [edit]

During the liberation of Buchenwald, a sign states "Form the Antinazifront! Remember the Millions of victims Murdered by the Nazis / DEATH TO THE NAZI CRIMINALS"^[1]

The slogan "Never again shall Masada autumn!" is derived from a 1927 epic poem, Masada, by Yitzhak Lamdan.^{[two] [3]} The poem is about the siege of Masada, in which a grouping of Jewish rebels (the Sicarii) held out confronting Roman armies and, according to legend, committed mass suicide rather than exist captured. In Zionism, the story of Masada became a national myth and was lauded as an example of Jewish heroism. Considered one of the well-nigh pregnant examples of early Yishuv literature, Masada achieved massive popularity amid Zionists in the land of Israel and in the Jewish diaspora. Masada became a part of the official Hebrew curriculum and the slogan became an unofficial national motto.^[4] In postwar Israel, the behavior of Jews during the Holocaust was unfavorably contrasted with the behavior of the defenders of Masada:^{[2] [3]} the former were denigrated for having gone "like sheep to the slaughter" while the latter were praised for their heroic and resolute fight.^[5]

Between 1941 and 1945, Nazi Germany and its allies murdered about 6 million Jews in a genocide which became known as the Holocaust.^[6] The Nazi attempt to implement their final solution to the Jewish question took place during World War 2 in Europe. The first use of the phrase "never again" in the context of the Holocaust was in Apr 1945 when newly liberated survivors at Buchenwald concentration camp displayed it in various languages on handmade signs.^{[7] [eight]} Cultural studies scholars Diana I. Popescu and Tanja Schult write that there was initially a distinction betwixt political prisoners, who invoked "never again" equally part of their fight against fascism, and Jewish survivors, whose imperative was to "never forget" their murdered relatives and destroyed communities. They write that the distinction has been blurred in the subsequent decades as the Holocaust was universalised.^[8] According to the United Nations, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights was adopted in 1948 because "the international community vowed never again to allow" the atrocities of World War Ii, and the Genocide Convention was adopted the aforementioned year.^{[9] [10]} Eric Sundquist notes that "the founding of Israel was predicated on the injunction to recall a history of destruction—the destruction of two Temples, exile and pogroms, and the Holocaust—and to ensure that such events will never happen again".^[2] The slogan "never again" was used on Israeli kibbutzim by the stop of the 1940s, and was used in the Swedish documentary Mein Kampf [de] in 1961.^[xi]

Definition [edit]

Never Again! A Programme for Survival (1972)

Co-ordinate to Hans Kellner, "Unpacking the semantic contents of 'Never Again' would be an enormous task. Suffice information technology to say that this phrase, despite its non-imperative grade as a voice communication act, orders someone to resolve that something shall not happen for a second fourth dimension. The someone, in the outset instance, is a Jew; the something is usually chosen the Holocaust."^[12] Kellner suggests that it is related to the "biblical imperative of memory" (zakhor), in Deuteronomy 5:fifteen, "And remember that thousand wast a servant in the land of Arab republic of egypt, and that the Lord thy God brought thee out thence through a mighty hand and past a stretched out arm." (In the bible, this refers to remembering and keeping Shabbat).^[12] It is also closely related to the biblical control in Exodus 23:ix: "You shall not oppress a stranger, for you know the feelings of the stranger, having yourselves been strangers in the country of Egypt."^[thirteen]

The initial meaning of the phrase, used past Abba Kovner and other Holocaust survivors, was item to the Jewish customs but the phrase'southward meaning was after broadened to other genocides.^[thirteen] It is still a matter of debate whether "Never over again" refers primarily to Jews ("Never again can we permit Jews to be victims of another Holocaust") or whether it has a universal significant ("Never again shall the earth let genocide to take place anywhere against whatever grouping"). All the same, most politicians employ it in the latter sense.^[7] The phrase is used ordinarily in postwar German language politics, but information technology has different meanings. According to ane interpretation, because Nazism was a synthesis of preexisting aspects of German political idea and an extreme form of ethnic nationalism, all forms of German nationalism should be rejected. Other politicians argue that the Nazis "misused" appeals to patriotism and that a new German identity should exist congenital.^[14]

Writing most the phrase, Ellen Posman noted that "A by though often recent humiliation, and an accent on onetime victimhood, tin can lead to a communal want for a testify of forcefulness that tin easily turn violent."^[15] Meir Kahane, a far-right rabbi, and his Jewish Defense League popularized the phrase. To Kahane and his followers, "Never again" referred specifically to the Jews and its imperative to fight antisemitism was a call to arms that justified terrorism against perceived enemies.^{[eleven] [iii] [sixteen]} The Jewish Defense force League song included the passage "To our slaughtered brethren and lonely widows: / Never again will our people's blood exist shed past water, / Never over again volition such things be heard in Judea." Later on Kahane'due south death in 1990, Sholom Comay, president of the American Jewish Committee, said "Despite our considerable differences, Meir Kahane must e'er be remembered for the slogan 'Never Once more,' which for then many became the battle cry of post-Holocaust Jewry."^[11]

Contemporary usage [edit]

Co-ordinate to Aaron Dorfman, "Since the Holocaust, the Jewish customs'due south attitude toward preventing genocide has been summed upwards in the moral philosophy of 'Never Again.'"^[thirteen] What this meant was that the Jews would not allow themselves to be victimized.^[17] The phrase has been used in many official commemorations and appears on many Holocaust memorials and museums,^{[8] [ii]} including memorials at Treblinka extermination camp^[2] and Dachau concentration camp,^[18] as well as in commemoration of the Rwanda genocide.^[19]

It is in wide use by Holocaust survivors, politicians, writers, and other commentators, who invoke information technology for a variety of purposes.^{[vii] [nineteen]} In 2012, Elie Wiesel wrote: "'Never over again' becomes more than a slogan: It's a prayer, a hope, a vow... never again the glorification of base, ugly, dark violence." The Us Holocaust Memorial Museum fabricated the phrase, in its universal sense, the theme of its 2013 Days of Remembrance, urging people to await out for the "warning signs" of genocide.^[11]

In 2016, Samuel Totten suggested that the "once powerful admonition [has] become a cliché" because it is repeatedly used even as genocides keep to occur, and condemnation of genocide tends to but occur after it is already over.^[7] For an increasing number of critics, the phrase has go empty and overused.^[8] Others, including Adama Dieng, have noted that genocide has connected to occur, not never again but "fourth dimension and again" or "once again and again" after World State of war II.^{[9] [xx] [21] [19] [7] [17]} In 2020, several critics of the Chinese authorities used the phrase to refer to the perceived lack of international reaction to the Uyghur genocide.^{[22] [23] [24] [25]} On 1 March 2022, after the Babi Yar Holocaust Memorial Centre was hit by Russian missiles and shells during the boxing of Kyiv, Ukraine's President Volodymyr Zelenskyy argued that "never again" means non beingness silent virtually Russia's aggression, lest history repeat itself.^[26]

Multiple United States presidents, including Jimmy Carter in 1979, Ronald Reagan in 1984, George H. Due west. Bush in 1991, Bill Clinton in 1993, and Barack Obama in 2011, have promised that the Holocaust would not happen again, and that action would be forthcoming to end genocide.^{[19] [9] [11]} However, genocide occurred during their presidencies: Cambodia in Carter's case, Anfal genocide during Reagan's presidency, Bosnia for Bush-league and Clinton, Rwanda under Clinton, and Yazidi genocide for Obama.^{[27] [9]} Elie Wiesel wrote that if "never once again" were upheld "there would be no Cambodia, and no Rwanda and no Darfur and no Bosnia."^[28] Totten argued that the phrase would only recover its gravitas if "no one but those who are truly serious near preventing another Holocaust" invoked information technology.^[7]

Other uses [edit]

In Argentina, the phrase Nunca más (never more) is used in annual commemorations of the 1976 Argentine coup, to emphasize continued opposition to military machine coups, dictatorship, and political violence, and a commitment to democracy and human rights.^{[29] [30]} "Never again" has also been used in commemoration of Japanese American internment and the Chinese Exclusion Act.^[11]

After the September xi attacks, President George W. Bush declared that terrorism would exist allowed to triumph "never once more". He referenced the phrase when defending the trial of non-citizens in military courts for terrorism-related offenses and mass surveillance policies adopted by his administration. Bush commented, "Foreign terrorists and agents must never again exist allowed to utilize our freedoms confronting us." His words echoed a speech that his father had given after winning the Gulf War: "never again be held hostage to the darker side of human being nature".^[31]

The phrase has been used past political advocacy groups Never Again Action, which opposes immigration detention in the United States, and by Never Again MSD, a group that campaigns confronting gun violence in the wake of the Stoneman Douglas shooting.^{[11] [32]}

See likewise [edit]

• Responsibleness to protect
• The war to end war
• Never forget
• Lest we forget

References [edit]

1. ^ "A sign posted [probably in Buchenwald] that says, "Form the Antinazifront! Remember the Millions of victims Murdered by the Nazis/ DEATH TO THE NAZI CRIMINALS." - Collections Search - U.s. Holocaust Memorial Museum". collections.ushmm.org. Archived from the original on 4 June 2020. Retrieved 29 May 2020.
2. ^ ^{a b c d e} Sundquist, Eric J. (2009). Strangers in the Land: Blacks, Jews, Post-Holocaust America. Harvard Academy Press. p. 601. ISBN978-0-674-04414-ii. Archived from the original on 9 July 2021. Retrieved 19 Oct 2020.
3. ^ ^{a b c} Philologos (half dozen May 2020). "What Is the Source of the Phrase "Never Over again"?". Mosaic Magazine. Archived from the original on 17 April 2020. Retrieved half-dozen May 2020.
4. ^ Zerubavel, Yael (1995). Recovered Roots: Collective Memory and the Making of Israeli National Tradition. University of Chicago Press. pp. 69, 116, 258. ISBN978-0-226-98157-4. Archived from the original on 9 July 2021. Retrieved 10 May 2020.
5. ^ Feldman, Yael Southward. (2013). ""Not as Sheep Led to Slaughter"? On Trauma, Selective Memory, and the Making of Historical Consciousness". Jewish Social Studies. 19 (3): 139–169. doi:10.2979/jewisocistud.19.3.139. ISSN 0021-6704. JSTOR 10.2979/jewisocistud.nineteen.3.139. S2CID 162015828.
6. ^ "Introduction to the Holocaust". Holocaust Encyclopedia. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. 12 March 2018. Archived from the original on eleven October 2015. Retrieved 10 May 2020.
7. ^ ^{a b c d east f} Totten, Samuel (2016). "What About "Other" Genocides? An Educator's Dilemma or an Educator'due south Opportunity?". Essentials of Holocaust Didactics: Primal Issues and Approaches. Routledge. p. 197. ISBN978-1-317-64808-6. Archived from the original on 1 February 2022. Retrieved nineteen October 2020.
8. ^ ^{a b c d} Popescu, Diana I.; Schult, Tanja (2019). "Performative Holocaust commemoration in the 21st century". Holocaust Studies. 26 (2): 135–136. doi:ten.1080/17504902.2019.1578452.
9. ^ ^{a b c d} Power, Samantha (1998). "Never Again: The World's Most Unfullfilled Promise | The World's Most Wanted Human". Frontline. PBS. Archived from the original on 25 May 2020. Retrieved seven May 2020.
10. ^ "Universal Declaration". Un. Archived from the original on 27 May 2020. Retrieved seven May 2020.
11. ^ ^{a b c d east f g} "How the Holocaust motto Never Once more became a rallying cry for gun control". Jewish Telegraphic Bureau. 8 March 2018. Archived from the original on 24 October 2019. Retrieved 6 May 2020.
12. ^ ^{a b} Kellner, Hans (1994). ""Never Once again" is Now". History and Theory. 33 (2): 127–128. doi:10.2307/2505381. ISSN 0018-2656. JSTOR 2505381.
13. ^ ^{a b c} Dorfman, Aaron. "Responding to Genocide". My Jewish Learning. Archived from the original on 20 August 2016. Retrieved six May 2020.
14. ^ Art, David (2005). The Politics of the Nazi Past in Federal republic of germany and Austria. Cambridge University Press. p. 20. ISBN978-i-139-44883-3. Archived from the original on 9 July 2021. Retrieved xix October 2020.
15. ^ Posman, Ellen (2011). "Introduction: Never Once more". In Murphy, Andrew R. (ed.). The Blackwell Companion to Religion and Violence. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN978-i-4443-9573-0. Archived from the original on i February 2022. Retrieved 19 October 2020.
16. ^ School, Lee C. Bollinger Dean University of Michigan Constabulary (1986). The Tolerant Society. Oxford Academy Printing, USA. p. 274. ISBN978-0-nineteen-802104-9. Archived from the original on ix July 2021. Retrieved xix October 2020.
17. ^ ^{a b} Gubkin, Liora (2007). You lot Shall Tell Your Children: Holocaust Memory in American Passover Ritual. Rutgers University Press. p. 117. ISBN978-0-8135-4390-ane. Archived from the original on ix July 2021. Retrieved 19 Oct 2020.
18. ^ Baer, Alejandro; Sznaider, Natan (2016). Memory and Forgetting in the Mail service-Holocaust Era: The Ethics of Never Again. Routledge. ISBN978-1-317-03375-2. Archived from the original on iv June 2020. Retrieved 7 May 2020.
19. ^ ^{a b c d} Buettner, Angi (2016). "Never again: Rwanda, genocide, and the Holocaust". Holocaust Images and Picturing Ending: The Cultural Politics of Seeing. Routledge. p. 85. ISBN978-ane-351-93052-9. Archived from the original on 31 Jan 2022. Retrieved 19 October 2020.
20. ^ "Genocide: "Never again" has become "fourth dimension and again"". Office of the United Nations Loftier Commissioner for Human Rights. 18 September 2018. Archived from the original on 4 June 2020. Retrieved 6 May 2020.
21. ^ McCallum, Luke (half dozen April 2019). "Publications". International Clan of Genocide Scholars. Archived from the original on 23 May 2020. Retrieved vii May 2020. The twentieth century has been called "The Age of Genocide." In the aftermath of the Holocaust, the slogan "never again" was coined; notwithstanding since 1945 we have seen the mass slaughter of Bengalis, Cambodians, Rwandans, Bosnians, Kosovars, and Darfuris, to name just a few.
22. ^ Ibrahim, Azeem (iii December 2019). "Mainland china Must Answer for Cultural Genocide in Courtroom". Foreign Policy. Archived from the original on xx January 2020. Retrieved 3 Feb 2021.
23. ^ Dolkun, Isa (14 September 2020). "Europe said 'never once more.' Why is it silent on Uighur genocide?". Politico. Archived from the original on 3 March 2021. Retrieved 3 February 2021.
24. ^ Sartor, Nina (3 Dec 2020). ""Never Once again" all once again". The Silhouette. Archived from the original on 7 February 2021. Retrieved 3 February 2021.
25. ^ Kaye, Jonah (23 August 2020). "Uyghur Camps And The Meaning Of 'Never Over again'". The Detroit Jewish News. Archived from the original on 7 March 2021. Retrieved 3 February 2021.
26. ^ Harkov, Lahav (1 March 2022). "Russia strikes Babyn Yar Holocaust memorial site in Ukraine". The Jerusalem Post . Retrieved ane March 2022.
27. ^ Fishel, Justin (17 March 2016). "ISIS Has Committed Genocide, Obama Assistants Declares". ABC News. Archived from the original on 10 Jan 2020. Retrieved vii May 2020.
28. ^ Rieff, David (1 February 2011). "The Persistence of Genocide". Hoover Institution. Archived from the original on 23 Apr 2020. Retrieved 6 May 2020.
29. ^ Fernández Meijide, Graciela (24 March 2020). ""Nunca más", un compromiso vigente". Infobae (in European Castilian). Archived from the original on 24 March 2020. Retrieved vi May 2020.
30. ^ "Día de la Memoria en Argentina: el necesario recuerdo de la dictadura". France 24. 24 March 2019. Archived from the original on 18 December 2019. Retrieved 6 May 2020.
31. ^ Schneider, Rebecca (2006). "Never, Again". In Hamera, Judith A. (ed.). The SAGE Handbook of Performance Studies. SAGE. p. 25. ISBN978-0-7619-2931-4. Archived from the original on 1 February 2022. Retrieved nineteen October 2020.
32. ^ "Jews Protesting Detention Centers: Inside Never Over again Action". Jewish Journal. 17 July 2019. Archived from the original on 23 April 2020. Retrieved 6 May 2020.

External links [edit]

johnsongonce1959.blogspot.com

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Never_again

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